References

Bodamer, J. (1947). Die Prosop-Agnosie. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 179(1–2), 6–53.

The landmark paper that coined the term "prosopagnosia" (Prosop-Agnosie), describing three cases of acquired prosopagnosia.

McConachie, H. R. (1976). Developmental prosopagnosia: A single case report. Cortex, 12(1), 76–82.

The first case report of developmental prosopagnosia, describing lifelong face-recognition difficulty with no history of brain injury.

Bruce, V., & Young, A. (1986). Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 77(3), 305–327.

A foundational cognitive model showing that face recognition proceeds through multiple processing stages.

Behrmann, M., & Avidan, G. (2005). Congenital prosopagnosia: Face-blind from birth. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(4), 180–187.

A review of the neurocognitive mechanisms behind congenital prosopagnosia, discussing FFA dysfunction and the role of the face-processing network.

Shah, P., Gaule, A., Sowden, S., Bird, G., & Cook, R. (2015). The 20-item prosopagnosia index (PI20): A self-report instrument for identifying developmental prosopagnosia. Royal Society Open Science, 2(6), 140343.

The paper introducing the PI20, the original instrument behind this site's self-check. Published under a CC BY license.

Duchaine, B., & Nakayama, K. (2006). The Cambridge Face Memory Test: Results for neurologically intact individuals and an investigation of its validity using inverted face stimuli and prosopagnosic participants. Neuropsychologia, 44(4), 576–585.

A validity study of the CFMT, a widely used objective test of face memory ability.

Duchaine, B., Germine, L., & Nakayama, K. (2007). Family resemblance: Ten family members with prosopagnosia and within-class object agnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 24(4), 419–430.

A family study of developmental prosopagnosia that includes face-perception assessment using the CFPT.

Duchaine, B. C., & Weidenfeld, A. (2003). An evaluation of two commonly used tests of unfamiliar face recognition. Neuropsychologia, 41(6), 713–720.

An evaluation of the limitations of long-standing unfamiliar-face recognition tests, including the BFRT.

DeGutis, J., Wilmer, J., Mercado, R. J., & Cohan, S. (2013). Using regression to measure holistic face processing reveals a strong link with face recognition ability. Cognition, 126(1), 87–100.

A regression-based study examining the relationship between holistic face processing and face recognition ability.

DeGutis, J., Chatterjee, G., Mercado, R. J., & Nakayama, K. (2012). Face processing improvements in prosopagnosia: Successes and failures over the last 50 years. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 348.

A review summarizing 50 years of intervention and treatment research for prosopagnosia.

DeGutis, J., Cohan, S., & Nakayama, K. (2014). Holistic face training enhances face processing in developmental prosopagnosia. Brain, 137(6), 1781–1798.

An intervention study showing that holistic face training improves face-processing ability in people with developmental prosopagnosia.

DeGutis, J., Mercado, R. J., Wilmer, J., & Rosenblatt, A. (2023). Prevalence of developmental prosopagnosia according to DSM-5 criteria in a large US sample. Cortex, 161, 163–176.

Estimates the prevalence of developmental prosopagnosia (about 3.08%) under DSM-5 criteria in a large sample. The source for the statistics used on this site.

Rossion, B. (2013). The composite face illusion: A whole window into our understanding of holistic face perception. Visual Cognition, 21(2), 139–253.

A comprehensive review of holistic face perception through the lens of the composite face illusion.

Kennerknecht, I., Grueter, T., Welling, B., Wentzek, S., Horst, J., Edwards, S., & Grueter, M. (2006). First report of prevalence of non-syndromic hereditary prosopagnosia (HPA). American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 140(15), 1617–1622.

The first large-scale study of the prevalence of hereditary prosopagnosia.

Sun, Y., Men, W., Kennerknecht, I., Fang, W., Zheng, H.-F., Zhang, W., & Rao, Y. (2024). Human genetics of face recognition: discovery of MCTP2 mutations in humans with face blindness (congenital prosopagnosia). Genetics, 227(2), iyae047.

A family study of congenital prosopagnosia reporting an association between MCTP2 mutations and face recognition difficulty.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

The DSM-5, which contains the diagnostic criteria for prosopagnosia.

Faraone, S. V., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., et al. (2021). The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 128, 789–818.

The source for the adult ADHD prevalence figures (e.g., 6.76% for the symptomatic form) used for comparison on the home page. An international consensus statement from the World Federation of ADHD.

Song, P., Zha, M., Yang, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, X., & Rudan, I. (2021). The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Global Health, 11, 04009.

The meta-analysis behind the persistent adult ADHD prevalence figure (2.58%) used on the home page.